10

   

Electrical Characteristics

10.1

   

General electrical testing specifications

<elec-test-spec>
Figure 12: Structure of electrical testing

elec-test-spec.eps


10.1.1     Test sequence

<test-sequence>

Here the test sequence of electrical tests can be defined.

10.1.2     Function states

<function-states>

The <function-state> describes the effect upon a system during and after the exposure to an interference. Function states have initially been defined in order to evaluate electromagnetic compatibility and electrical immunity.

A function state is expressed by a capital letter (key) and a description of the state.
Figure 13: Functions State Description

function-states.eps


Example for content:

Table 1: Function states in compliance with standard DIN 40839 part 3

Function states

Description

A

Device works within the given tolerances

B

Device works, but not within the given tolerances, and returns after decay of the interference to function state A

C

Device does not work or works defectively, but returns after decay of the interference automatically to function state A

D

Device does not work or works defectively and stays after decay of the interference outside the given tolerances

E

Device does not accomplish one ore more functions during and after the exposure to the interference and has to be repaired or substituted after the exposure to the interference

10.2

   

Power supply

<power-supply>
Figure 14: Structure of power supply

power-supply.eps


10.2.1     Voltages

<volt-char>

Concerning voltages, various nominal voltages (<nominal-volt>) can be specified. It is possible to reference to supply connections with the reference mechanism. In the description of the supply connections, any number of voltage ranges with respective operating states can be given to each nominal voltage. Various operating states can be assigned to a voltage range.
Figure 15: Structure of voltages

volt-char.eps


Example for content:

Table 2: Representation example for voltage ranges

Denomination

Abbreviation

Min

Type

Max

Abs

Tol

Unit

 

Nominal voltage

UN

     

12

 

V

1

10.2.2     Currents

<current-char>

Concerning currents, various nominal currents (<nominal-current>) can be specified. It is possible to reference to supply connections with the reference mechanism. In the description of the supply connections, any number of current ranges with respective operating states can be given to each nominal current. Various operating states can be assigned to a current range.
Figure 16: Structure of currents

current-char.eps


Example for content:

Table 3: Representation example for current ranges

Denomination

Abbreviation

Min

Type

Max

Abs

Tol

Unit

 

<nominal-current>

IN

     

2

 

A

1

10.2.3     Powers

<power-char>

Concerning powers, various nominal powers (<nominal-power>) can be specified. It is possible to reference to supply connections with the reference mechanism. In the description of the supply connections, any number of power ranges with respective operating states can be given to each nominal power. Various operating states can be assigned to a power range.
Figure 17: Structure of powers

power-char.eps


Example for content:

Table 4: Representation example for power ranges

Denomination

Abbreviation

Min

Type

Max

Abs

Tol

Unit

 

Nominal power

PN

     

10

 

W

1

10.2.4     Further properties

<add-spec>

In the topic further properties properties are described, which ought to be described in the topic range of <power-supply> but which cannot be expressed thematically in any of the subdivision points mentioned above (see Concepts of the MSR application profile V1.x.x)

10.3

   

Electrical immunity

<elec-immunity>
Figure 18: Structure of Electrical Immunity

elec-immunity.eps


10.3.1     Reverse polarity protection

<reverse-polarity-prot>

Reverse polarity protection describes the behaviour (function state and admissible fault descriptions) of the system in case of permanent reverse polarity of the battery connection. The reverse polarity is defined by the reverse polarity voltage (<test-volt>), reverse polarity time (<test-duration>) and testing temperature (<test-temp>). Furthermore, the general design of the system or component interfaces is defined, e.g. the treatment of the interfaces which have a connection to ground or to the supply voltage outside the system, the protection of the connected components, the state of the outputs during reverse polarity, etc.

The description of the reverse polarity protection is valid for all electrical connections (there is no reference to any electrical connection). If there are different descriptions for some electrical connections, a further description of the reverse polarity protection is defined for each difference (with reference to the concerned connection).

In addition to the a.m. statements there can always be given additional specifications, e.g. the test set-up.
Figure 19: Structure of reverse polarity protection test

reverse-polarity-prot.eps


Example for content:

Table 5: Representation example for reverse polarity protection

Denomination

Abbreviation

Min

Type

Max

Abs

Tol

Unit

 

Test voltage

UP

     

15,0

 

V

 

Test duration

tP

19

20

21

   

s

 

Test temperature

T

17

22

27

   

C

 

Operating state : switched off

Function state: B

Fault description: Output C2 activated

10.3.2     Overvoltage strength

<overvoltage-res>

The overvoltage strength describes the behaviour of the system in case of overvoltage regarding supply connections, which can be created by a jump start, e.g. The voltage wave form (<overvoltage-res-prms>, in the most simple way defined by corresponding voltage and time specifications), the operating state (<oper-mode-refs>), the function state (<fuction-state-ref>), and the fault description (<failure-desc>) can be defined. By defining various overvoltage strength tests, a number of different requirements, e.g. static overvoltage, jump start, boost charge etc. can be defined.

The description of the overvoltage strength is valid for all electrical connections (there is no reference to any electrical connection). If there are different descriptions for some electrical connections, a further description of the overvoltage strength is defined for each difference (with reference to the concerned connection).

In addition to the a.m. statements there can always be given additional specifications, e.g. the test set-up.
Figure 20: Structure of overvoltage strength test

overvoltage-res.eps


Example for content:

Table 6: Representation example of overvoltage strength

Denomination

Abbreviation

Min

Type

Max

Abs

Tol

Unit

 

Overvoltage

U

 

30

     

V

1

Test duration

tP

19

20

21

   

s

 

Test voltage

UP

 

15,0

     

V

 

Test temperature

T

17

22

27

   

°C

 

Number of tests

n

 

5

         

Interval between tests

 

t

 

10

     

s

 


Figure 21: Voltage characteristics

voltdiag.eps


Operating state : starting phase

Function state: B

Fault description: Output C2 activated

10.3.3     Short-circuit strength

<short-circuit-res>

The short-circuit strength describes the function state of the system in case of a clamp being held to ground or supply voltage thus producing a short-circuit. The short-circuit strength will be defined generally for all interfaces. Furthermore, depart from this specification the short-circuit strength can be defined for each connection regarding the description of interfaces.

The description of the short-circuit strength is valid for all electrical connections (there is no reference to any electrical connection). If there are different descriptions for some electrical connections, a further description of the short-circuit strength is defined for each difference (with reference to the concerned connection).

The MSR group defined the following description of the short-circuit strength:
Figure 22: Structure of short-circuit strength

short-circuit-res.eps


Example for content:

Table 7: Representation example for short circuit strength

Denomination

Abbreviation

Min

Type

Max

Abs

Tol

Unit

 

Test voltage

UP

 

15,0

     

V

 

Test temperature

T

17

22

27

   

°C

 

Test duration

tP

19

20

21

   

s

 

Short circuit current

IKS

 

10

     

A

 

Short circuit resistance

RKS

 

0.01

     

W

 

Short circuit inductivity

LKS

 

0.01

     

µH

 

Number of tests

n

 

5

         

Interval between tests

 

t

 

10

     

s

 

Operating state : starting phase

Function state: B

Fault description: fuse cuts out

In addition to the a.m. statements there can always be given additional specifications, e.g. the test set-up.

10.3.4     Overload strength

<overload-res>

The overload strength is an overload of the outputs (consumers use more than nominal current). Overload strength is defined generally for all interfaces. Furthermore, depart from this specification the overload strength can be defined for each connection regarding the description of interfaces.

The description of the overload strength is valid for all electrical connections (there is no reference to any electrical connection). If there are different descriptions for some electrical connections, a further description of the overload strength is defined for each difference (with reference to the concerned connection).

The MSR group defined the following description of the overload strength:
Figure 23: Structure of overload strength

overload-res.eps


Example for content:

Table 8: Representation example for overload strength

Denomination

Abbreviation

Min

Type

Max

Abs

Tol

Unit

 

Overload

Ü

 

5

15

   

A

 

Test duration

tP

19

20

21

   

s

 

Test voltage

UP

     

15,0

 

V

 

Test temperature

T

17

22

27

   

°C

 

Number of tests

n

     

5

     

Interval between tests

 

t

     

10

 

s

 

Operating state : starting phase

Function state: B

Fault description: fuse cuts out

In addition to the a.m. statements there can always be given additional specifications, e.g. the test set-up.

10.3.5     Insulating resistance

<insulance>

The insulating resistance is determined between two electrically separated connections or between the casing and the electrically separated connections. The determination of the resistance is realized with an unconnected device under test (DUT) by a relatively high direct current. Furthermore, relevant quantities for the determination of the insulating resistance can be given, e.g. temperature (<test-temp>), <test-duration>, relative humidity (<relative-hum>).

The description of the insulating resistance is valid for all electrical connections (there is no reference to any electrical connection). If there are different descriptions for some electrical connections, a further description of the insulating resistance is defined for each difference (with reference to the concerned connection).
Figure 24: Structure of insulating resistance

insulance.eps


Example for content:

Table 9: Representation example for insulating resistance

Denomination

Abbreviation

Min

Type

Max

Abs

Tol

Unit

 

Voltage

US

450

500

550

   

V

 

Test duration

tP

0,95

1

1,05

   

min

 

Temperature

TP

1,9

2

2,1

   

°C

 

Resistance

R

 

1

     

MW

 

rel. humidity

hum

67,5

75

82,5

   

%

 

Besides the measuring voltage and the resistance, there can always be given additional specifications for each test, e.g. the test set-up.

10.3.6     Dielectric strength

<die-strength>

The dielectric strength is determined between two electrically separated connections or between the casing and the electrically separated connections, by applying an alternating voltage.

The description of the dielectric strength is valid for all electrical connections (there is no reference to any electrical connection). If there are different descriptions for some electrical connections, a further description of the dielectric strength is defined for each difference (with reference to the concerned connection).
Figure 25: Structure of dielectric strength

die-strength.eps


Example for content:

Table 10: Representation example for dielectric strength

Denomination

Abbreviation

Min

Type

Max

Abs

Tol

Unit

 

Voltage

US

450

500

550

   

V

 

Temperature

TP

17

22

27

   

°C

 

Test duration

tP

0,95

1

1,05

   

min

 

Frequency

f

 

50

     

Hz

 

rel. humidity

hum

67,5

75

82,5

   

%

 

Besides the measuring voltage and the frequency, there can always be given additional specifications for each test, e.g. the test set-up.

10.3.7     Voltage mismatch

<volt-mismatch>

The voltage mismatch describes the ability of a component, or a system, to accomplish its specified function in case of a voltage mismatch in the ground conduction or power supply. The voltage mismatch can be caused by an external connection of sensors or actuators to the ground conduction or to the power supply (e.g. use of the car body as ground conduction). A max. admissible voltage mismatch can be defined, for the ground connection as well as for the power supply, with the aid of the reference point.

The description of the voltage mismatch is valid for all electrical connections (there is no reference to any electrical connection). If there are different descriptions for some electrical connections, a further description of the voltage mismatch is defined for each difference (with reference to the concerned connection).

Besides the measuring voltage and the test duration, there can always be given additional specifications for each test, e.g. the test set-up.
Figure 26: Structure of voltage mismatch

volt-mismatch.eps


Example for content:

Table 11: Representation example for voltage mismatch

Denomination

Abbreviation

Min

Type

Max

Abs

Tol

Unit

 

pos. voltage mismatch

dU

0,8

1

1,2

V

     

neg. voltage mismatch

dU

0,8

1

1,2

V

     

Test duration

tP

0,95

1

1,05

min

     

Operating state : switched on

Function state: A

Fault description: no fault

10.3.8     Further properties

In the subdivision point <add-spec> properties are described which ought to be mentioned in the topic area of Electrical immunity (<elec-immunity>) but which cannot be expressed thematically in any of the subdivision points mentioned above.
Figure 27: Structure of further properties

add-spec.eps


10.4

   

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

<emc>
Figure 28: Structure of electromagnetic compatibility

emc.eps


Electromagnetic compatibility is the ability of an equipment or system to function satisfactorily within its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbance to anything in that environment. ([Standard: DIN 40 839-1 / Relevant Position: 2.1]).

10.4.1     Interferences by conduction

<inter-con>
Figure 29: Structure of interferences by conduction

inter-con.eps


10.4.1.1     Interference strength

<inter-immunity>
Figure 30: Structure of interference strength

inter-immunity.eps


Within the interference strength, interferences by conduction in power supply conductions (<inter-supply-con>), coupled-in interferences on transmission and sensor conductions (<inter-signal-con>) as well as vehicle network ripple (<waved-nominal-volt>) are considered. The standard [Standard: DIN 40 839-1 / Relevant Position: 3]forms the basis for interference strength (not including vehicle network ripple).

10.4.1.1.1     Interferences by conduction in power supply conductions

<inter-supply-con>
Figure 31: Structure of interference via power supply

inter-supply-con.eps


10.4.1.1.1.1     Laboratory tests

<inter-supply-con-lab-test>

The requirements on interferences by conduction in power supply conductions (<inter-supply-con>) are described for one (or possibly more) vehicle network voltage(s) by means of interference strength tests.

During an interference strength test, the behaviour of a DUT is tested by submitting the sample to a test pulse. Regarding interference strength test, the following specifications can be made.
  •  
  •  

    Test pulse

    The test pulse can be defined including all corresponding parameter values (...t1 to ... td). (as given in the definition,Representation example for test pulses for a 12 V vehicle network (according to DIN 40839 part 1).).

  •  
  •  

    Severity level and correlated peak voltage for the test pulse

    Severity levels, defined in Determination of severity levels for test pulses by means of pulse amplitudes according to DIN 40839 part 1 can be chosen. The specification of the severity level will only be required in case of standardized test pulses.

  •  
  •  

    Test voltage

    Vehicle network voltage applied during the test. Only defined if it deviates from the standard test voltage.

  •  
  •  

    Internal resistance of the generator Ri

    Internal resistance of the interference source

  •  
  •  

    Minimum test amount

    The minimum test amount is defined by the number of test pulses or by the duration of the test.

  •  
  •  

    Intervals between test pulses

    The intervals between test pulses have to be defined only for those test pulses for which there are not given any specifications in the standard. This is especially true for test pulse 5.

  •  
  •  

    Interference source

    The test device which generates the test pulse.

  •  
  •  

    Operating state

    The operating state defines the state of the system at which the test is performed. If the test is to be performed with various operating states, they can be grouped.

  •  
  •  

    Function state

    The assignment of a function state to the test is accomplished by a code letter (A...E).

  •  
  •  

    Fault description

    The failure mode of the system will be described in textual form, in addition to the function state (if it is not equal to A).

  •  
  •  

    Additional specifications

    Apart from the a.m. specifications, it is always possible to give additional specifications for a test. These include, e.g., a test temperature which differs from general specifications, the test set-up and further specifications which have not been defined yet.

    The content of interference strength tests is not established in an (inter-)national standard. Apart from the test pulses 1 to 5, descriptions concerning interferences by conduction in power supply conductions (<inter-supply-con>) can be filed either in a user-defined way or according to in-house standards.

    This includes, e.g., the test of the central load-dump protection with a characteristic that differs from test pulse 5, or the definition of the behaviour in case of a determined voltage characteristic in the power supply conductions.

    The voltage characteristic describes the robustness of the system/the component against defined voltage changes, which may arise due to the failure of a generator or a defective vehicle battery. The voltage characteristic can be defined in form of a text or a graphic.
    Figure 32: Structure of laboratory test

    inter-supply-con-lab-test.eps


    Example for content:

    Table 12: Representation example for interference strength requirements: concerning interferences by conduction in power supply conductions, test pulse 1

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    <short-name>

    Min

    <min>

    Type

    <typ>

    Max

    <max>

    Abs <abs>

    Tolerance

    <tol>

    Unit

    <unit>

     

    Severity level

           

    4

         

    Peak voltage

    Us

         

    -100

     

    V

     

    Test- spg.

    Up

         

    13.5

     

    V

     

    Internal resistance of generator

    Ri

         

    10

     

    Ohm

     

    Minimum test amount

           

    30000

         

    Intervals between test pulses

                   

    Interference source: test pulse generator NSG 500C

    Operating state : switched on

    Function state: A

    Fault description: no fault

    Additional specifications: Pulse generated by switching off inductive charges.

    Table 13: Definition test pulse 1

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    <short-name>

    Min

    <min>

    Type

    <typ>

    Max

    <max>

    Abs <abs>

    Tolerance

    <tol>

    Unit

    <unit>

     

    Intervals between pulses

    t1

    0.5

     

    5

       

    s

     

    Duration of individual interference

    t2

         

    200

     

    ms

     

    Recovery time, duration between interference end and interference start

    t3

         

    100

     

    µs

     

    Pulse rise time

    tr

         

    1

     

    ms

     

    Pulse duration

    td

         

    2

     

    ms

     

    Test pulse: 2

    ...(Description as for test pulse 1)

    Definition of the test pulse

    A test pulse is described by a curve which is characterized by specific parameters. The shape of the curve depends on the vehicle network voltage.

    According to [Standard: DIN 40 839-1 / Relevant Position: all]5 different test pulses (test pulse forms) are described with the help of corresponding parameter values which additionally depend on the vehicle network voltage:
    1. 

    Pulse generated by disconnecting inductive loads.

    2. 

    Pulse generated by direct current motors when disconnecting.

    3. 

    Pulse generated by switching. There is a difference between 3a (negative peak voltage) and 3b (positive peak voltage)

    4. 

    Pulse generated by closing the starter circuit in combustion engines. The ripple produced by the revolutions of the starter is not considered.

    5. 

    Pulse generated, among other facts, by disconnecting the battery when the generator produces charge current (battery charge current disconnection pulse).

    Table 14: Representation example for test pulses for a 12 V vehicle network (according to DIN 40839 part 1)

    test pulse

    Ua

    t1

    t2

    t3

    t4

    t5

    t6

    t7

    t8

    tf

    tr

    td

     

    V

    s

    ms

    µs

    ms

    ms

    ms

    ms

    s

    ms

    ms

    ms

    1

     

    0,5-5

    200

    µ100

               

    1µs

    2

    2

     

    0,5-5

    200

                 

    1µs

    0.05

    3a

     

    100µs

       

    10

    90

           

    5ns

    0.1µs

    3b

     

    100µs

       

    10

    90

           

    5ns

    0.1µs

    4

    -2.5

             

    15

    50

    0.5-20

    100

    5

     

    5

                       

    0.1-10

    40-400

    Significance of parameters:

    t1: Interval between pulses

    t2: Duration of single interference

    t3: Recovery time, duration between end of interference and beginning of interference

    t4: Duration of switching burst

    t5: Recovery time

    t6: Duration of peak voltage drop Us

    t7: Rise time from Us to Ua

    t8: Duration of Ua

    tf: Rise time operation voltage

    tr: Pulse rise time

    td: Duration of pulse

    Ua: Voltage drop after transient state with reference to test voltage Up

    Not all given parameters are used for the description of a test pulse.

    Further user-defined or in-house standard specific test pulses can be given.

    Definition of the severity level

    The severity level determines the peak voltage Us of the test pulse.

    According to DIN 40 839-1the following severity levels are defined:

    Table 15: Determination of severity levels for test pulses by means of pulse amplitudes according to DIN 40839 part 1

    Test pulse

    Pulse amplitude U s in volts

    at severity level

    (for vehicle network voltage of 12/24V)

     

    I

    II

    III

    IV

    1

    -25/-50

    - 50/-100

    - 75/-150

    -100/-200

    2

    + 25

    + 50

    + 75

    + 100

    3a

    -25/-35

    -50/-70

    -100/-140

    -150/-200

    3b

    +25/35

    +50/70

    +75/140

    +100/200

    4

    -4/-5

    -5/-10

    -6/-14

    -7/-16

    5

    +26,5/70

    +46,5/113

    +66,5/156

    +86,5/200

    The peak voltage depends on the severity level and on the vehicle network voltage. Further user-defined or in-house standard specific severity levels with corresponding voltages U s can be defined for given test pulses.

    10.4.1.1.1.2     Test in vehicle

    <inter-supply-con-vehicle-test>

    During the test in vehicle the built-in component is exposed to interferences which are originated by switching known interference sources in the wiring harness. Following specifications can be made for the description of the test:
  •  
  •  

    Test pulse

    Contrary to the laboratory tests (<inter-supply-con-lab-test>), here pulses generated by known interference sources in the vehicle are coupled into. These are characteristic pulses which correspond the pulses 1 to 5 (see table Representation example for interference strength requirements: concerning interferences by conduction in power supply conductions, test pulse 1). If the test pulse is described by detailed parameters, an adaptation of the parameter values corresponding to the test pulse, to the pulses actually existing in the vehicle is possible.

  •  
  •  

    Severity level and corresponding peak voltage for the test pulse.

    Severity levels defined in [Determination of severity levels for test pulses by means of pulse amplitudes according to DIN 40839 part 1] can be chosen. The specification of the severity level is only required in case of standard pulses.

  •  
  •  

    Test voltage

    Vehicle network voltage applied during the test. It will only be defined if it deviates from the standard test voltage.

  •  
  •  

    Minimum test amount

    The minimum test amount is defined by the number of test pulses or by the duration of the test.

  •  
  •  

    Interference source

    The known component which generates the test pulse.

  •  
  •  

    Operating state

    The operating state defines the state of the system at which the test is performed. If the test is to be performed with various operating states, these can be grouped.

  •  
  •  

    Function state

    The assignment of a function state to the test is accomplished by a code letter (A...E).

  •  
  •  

    Fault description

    The failure mode of the system will be described in textual form, in addition to the function state (if it is not equal to A).

  •  
  •  

    Additional specifications

    Apart from the a.m. specifications, it is always possible to give additional specifications for a test. These include, e.g., a test temperature which differs from general specifications, the test set-up and further specifications which have not been defined yet.


    Figure 33: Structure of vehicle test

    inter-supply-con-vehicle-test.eps


    Example for content:

    See example in chapter Laboratory tests.

    10.4.1.1.2     Coupled-in interferences on transmission and sensor conductions

    <inter-signal-con>
    Figure 34: Structure of coupled-in interferences

    inter-signal-con.eps


    10.4.1.1.3     Laboratory tests

    <inter-signal-con-lab-test>

    The requirements to capacitively coupled-in interferences are described in an analogue way to the requirements to interferences by conduction in power supply conductions (<inter-supply-con>). The pulses used within that correspond, concerning their characteristics, to the pulses used in Interferences by conduction in power supply conductions (<inter-supply-con>). Although, because of the origin of these pulses, they are not the same pulses. In order to realize a capacitive coupling of an interference into the interference sink, the coupling clamp is used.

    Apart from the test pulses defined by standards, it is possible to define further test pulses (e.g. company-specific test pulses).

    The requirements to interferences which can be coupled into signal input conductions, data conductions, and control conductions, as well as into output conductions, are described to one or various corresponding vehicle network voltage(s) by means of interference strength tests. During an interference strength test, the behaviour of a DUT is tested by exposing the sample to a test pulse. For an interference strength test, following specifications can be made.
  •  
  •  

    Test pulse

    Characteristic test pulses, which are described in Representation example for test pulses for coupled-in interferences on transmission and sensor conductions and a 12 volts vehicle network, can be chosen. If the test pulse is described by detailed parameters, an adaptation of the parameter values corresponding to the test pulse, to the pulses actually existing in the vehicle is possible.

  •  
  •  

    Severity level and corresponding peak voltage for the test pulse

    Severity levels defined in Determination of severity levels for coupled-in interferences on transmission and sensor conductions according to DIN 40839 part 3., can be chosen. The specification of the severity level is only required in case of standard pulses.

  •  
  •  

    Test voltage

    Vehicle network voltage applied during the test. It will only be defined if it deviates from the standard test voltage.

  •  
  •  

    Internal resistance of the generator Ri

    Internal resistance of the interference source

  •  
  •  

    Minimum test amount

    The minimum test amount is defined by the number of test pulses or by the duration of the test.

  •  
  •  

    Interference source

    The known component which generates the test pulse.

  •  
  •  

    Operating state

    The operating state defines the state of the system at which the test is performed. If the test is to be performed with various operating states, these can be grouped.

  •  
  •  

    Function state

    The assignment of a function state to the test is accomplished by a code letter (A...E).

  •  
  •  

    Fault description

    The failure mode of the system will be described in textual form, in addition to the function state (if it is not equal to A).

  •  
  •  

    Additional specifications

    Apart from the a.m. specifications, it is always possible to give additional specifications for a test. These include, e.g., a test temperature which differs from general specifications, the test set-up, the description of the coupling clamp and further specifications which have not been defined yet.


    Figure 35: Structure of laboratory testing

    inter-signal-con-lab-test.eps


    Example for content:

    See example in chapter Laboratory tests.

    Definition of the test pulse:

    Table 16: Representation example for test pulses for coupled-in interferences on transmission and sensor conductions and a 12 volts vehicle network

    Test pulse

    t1

    t2

    t3

    tr

    td

    Unit

    s

    ms

    ms

    µs

    ms

    1

    0,5

    -5

       

    1

    2

    2

    0,5

    -5

       

    1

     

    3a

    0,0001

    10

    90

    0,005

    0,0001

    3b

    0,0001

    10

    90

    0,005

    0,0001

    new

             

    Table 17: Determination of severity levels for coupled-in interferences on transmission and sensor conductions according to DIN 40839 part 3.

    Test pulse

    Pulse amplitude U s in volts

    at severity level

    (for 12/24V vehicle network voltage)

     

     

     

     

    I

    II

    III

    IV

    1

    -7.5/-15

    -15/-30

    -22.5/-45

    -30/-60

    2

    7.5/15

    15/30

    22.5/45

    30/60

    3a

    -15/-14

    -30/-28

    -45/-56

    -60/-80

    3b

    10/14

    20/28

    30/56

    40/80

    The peak voltage depends on the severity level and on the vehicle network voltage. Further user-defined or in-house standard specific severity levels with corresponding voltages U s can be defined to given test pulses.

    10.4.1.1.4     Test in vehicle

    <inter-signal-con-vehicle-test>

    During the test in vehicle the built-in component is exposed to interferences which are originated by switching known interference sources in the wiring harness. Following specifications can be made for the description of the test:
  •  
  •  

    Minimum test amount

    The minimum test amount is defined by the duration of the test.

  •  
  •  

    Operating state (<oper-mode-refs>)

    The operating state defines the state of the system at which the test is performed. If the test is to be performed with various operating states, these can be grouped.

  •  
  •  

    Function state (<function-state-ref>)

    The assignment of a function state to the test is accomplished by a code letter (A...E).

  •  
  •  

    Fault description (<failure desc>)

    The failure mode of the system will be described in textual form, in addition to the function state (if it is not equal to A).

  •  
  •  

    Additional specifications (<add-info>)

    Apart from the a.m. specifications, it is always possible to give additional specifications for a test. These include, e.g., a test temperature which differs from general specifications, the test set-up and further specifications which have not been defined yet.


    Figure 36: Structure of a vehicle test

    inter-signal-con-vehicle-test.eps


    Example for content:

    See example in chapter Laboratory tests.

    10.4.1.2     Vehicle network ripple

    <waved-nominal-volt>

    Requirements concerning the vehicle network ripple define the robustness of a DUT with respect to the vehicle network ripple originated by the generator. It is assumed that the interference originated by the generator, which interferes the supply voltage, is sinusoidal. Since the generator, which is coupled to the vehicle engine, works within a wide range of revolutions, the interference strength is defined for a frequency range and for a frequency response curve. The frequency response curve determines the form of the frequency changes, e.g., ramp, sawtooth etc., within the specified test duration. This requirement can be described by the following parameters.
    Figure 37: Structure of vehicle network ripple

    waved-nominal-volt.eps


    Example for content:
    Figure 38: Frequency response curve

    graf003a.eps


    Table 18: Representation example for vehicle network ripple

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tolerance

    Unit

     
     

    <short-name>

    <min>

    <typ>

    <max>

    <abs>

    <tol>

    <unit>

     

    Interference voltage

    US

    1,9

    2

    2,1

    V

         

    Internal resistance

    RI

     

    0.2

     

    W

         

    Test duration

     

    t

    9

    10

    11

    min

         

    Operating state : Switched on

    Function state: A

    Fault description: no fault

    Additional specifications:

    Apart from the a.m. specifications, it is always possible to give additional specifications for a test. These include, e.g., a test temperature which differs from general specifications, the test set-up etc.

    10.4.2     Interference emission

    <inter-emi>

    Within the interference emission, interferences by conduction in power supply conductions (<inter-supply-con>), which are emitted from the devices, are measured. The base forms the standard DIN 40 839-1.
    Figure 39: Structure of interference emission

    inter-emi.eps


    10.4.2.1     Laboratory tests

    <inter-emi-lab-test>

    An interference emission is an interference emitted by the DUT onto the artificial network. In order to evaluate the emission of interferences by equipment in the laboratory, the DUT is connected to an artificial network, and put into operation. The following specifications can be given for an interference emission test.
  •  
  •  

    Test pulse

    Characteristic test pulses as defined in table [Test pulses for the description of the interference emission according to DIN 40839 part 1] can be chosen. If the test pulse is described by detailed parameters, an adaptation of the parameter values corresponding to the test pulse to the pulses actually existing in the vehicle is possible.

  •  
  •  

    Severity level and corresponding peak voltage for the test pulse

    Severity levels defined in [Determination of interferences emission grades for characteristic pulses via admissible pulse amplitudes according to DIN 40839 part 1] can be chosen. The specification of the severity level is only required in case of standard pulses.

  •  
  •  

    Test voltage (<test-volt>)

    Vehicle network voltage applied during the test. It will only be defined if it deviates from the standard test voltage.

  •  
  •  

    Equivalent resistance RS (<substitute-res>)

    The compensating resistance simulates the direct current resistance of consumers which cannot be switched off in the vehicle network.

  •  
  •  

    Operating state (<oper-mode-refs>)

    The operating state defines the state of the system at which the test is performed. If the test is to be performed with various operating states, these can be grouped.

  •  
  •  

    Additional specifications (<add-info>)

    Apart from the a.m. specifications, it is always possible to give additional specifications for a test. These include, e.g., a test temperature which differs from general specifications, the test set-up and further specifications which have not been defined yet.


    Figure 40: Structure of a laboratory test

    inter-emi-lab-test.eps


    Example for content:

    Test pulse: 1

    Table 19: Requirement examples for interference emissions

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tolerance

    Unit

     
     

    <short-name>

    <min>

    <typ>

    <max>

    <abs>

    <0tol>

    <unit>

     

    Severity level

           

    4

         

    Peak voltage

    Us

         

    -30

     

    V

     

    Test voltage

    UP

         

    12

     

    V

     

    Equivalent resistance

    RS

         

    40

     

    W

     

    Operating state : Switched on

    Additional specifications:

    Pulse which rises when switching off inductive loads.

    Table 20: Definition test pulse 1

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tolerance

    Unit

     
     

    <short-name>

    <min>

    <typ>

    <max>

    <abs>

    <0tol>

    <unit>

     

    Pulse rise time

    tr

         

    1

     

    ms

     

    Pulse duration

    td

         

    2

     

    ms

     

    Definition of test pulses

    Table 21: Test pulses for the description of the interference emission according to DIN 40839 part 1

    Test pulse

    tr

    td

    Unit

    µs

    ms

    E1

    1

    2

    E2

    1

    0.2

    E3

    0,05

    -

    E4

       

    E5

     

    400

    new

       

    Apart from the pulses E1 to E5, not standardized pulses can be defined, too. Since for these pulse forms no parameters can be defined yet, the description of theses pulses can be given in textual or in graphical form.

    The characteristic test pulses are subdivided into interference emission grades via the pulse amplitude Us.

    Table 22: Determination of interferences emission grades for characteristic pulses via admissible pulse amplitudes according to DIN 40839 part 1

    Characteristic pulses

    Admissible pulse amplitude U s in volts

    at interference emission grade

    (for 12/24V vehicle network voltage)

     

    IV

    III

    II

    I

    Pulse E1

    -100 /-200

    -75/-150

    -50/-100

    -25/-50

    Pulse E2

    +100

    + 75

    + 50

    + 25

    Pulse E3 (a)

    -150/-200

    -110/-140

    -75/-70

    -40/-35

    Pulse E3 (b)

    + 100

    + 75

    + 50

    +25

    Pulse E5

    +120/200

    +80/150

    +50/100

    +35/70

    The severity levels depend on the vehicle network voltage. Further user-defined or in-house standard specific severity levels with corresponding voltages U s can be defined to given test pulses.

    Apart from the pulse-shaped interference emission, a continuous interference emission can be defined, too. Generator ripple counts among these emissions. The interference emission of the generator ripple defines the max. admissible disturbance of the vehicle network by the generator. This is only required in case of the generators. In order to obtain reproducible results, the test installation should be described by the conduction lengths, the conduction cross sections, the generator revolutions, the generator outputs, the load resistance, the charge current, the battery type and the state of the battery. Within this test, the parameters load, range of revolutions, generator output etc. are submitted to complex interaction. Thus at present it is not possible to define parameters for this test with simple means. The description for this requirement will be given in a textual or in a graphical way.

    10.4.2.2     Test in vehicle

    <inter-emi-vehicle-test>

    An interference emission is an interference emitted by the DUT onto the vehicle network. When performing tests in vehicle, the built-in component is investigated. The interferences in the wiring harness will be observed. The following specifications can be given for an interference emission test.
  •  
  •  

    Test pulse

    Characteristic test pulses defined in [Test pulses for the description of the interference emission according to DIN 40839 part 1] can be chosen. If the test pulse is described by detailed parameters, an adaptation of the parameter values corresponding to the test pulse is possible, just as during the laboratory tests.

  •  
  •  

    Severity level and corresponding peak voltage for the test pulse

    Severity levels defined in [Determination of interferences emission grades for characteristic pulses via admissible pulse amplitudes according to DIN 40839 part 1] can be chosen. The specification of the severity level is only required in case of standard pulses.

  •  
  •  

    Test voltage (<test-volt>)

    Vehicle network voltage applied during the test. It will only be defined if it deviates from the standard test voltage.

  •  
  •  

    Operating state (<oper-mode-refs>)

    The operating state defines the state of the system at which the test is performed. If the test is to be performed with various operating states, these can be grouped.

  •  
  •  

    Additional specifications (<add-info>)

    Apart from the a.m. specifications, it is always possible to give additional specifications for a test. These include, e.g., a test temperature which differs from general specifications, the test set-up and further specifications which have not been defined yet (see Concepts of the MSR application profile V1.x.x).


    Figure 41: Structure of a vehicle test

    inter-emi-vehicle-test.eps


    Example for content:

    See example in chapter Laboratory tests.

    10.5

       

    Interferences by radiation

    <inter-rad>

    The description of the requirements for interferences by radiation is performed in compliance with [Standard: DIN 40 839-4 / Relevant Position: all]. It includes requirements and tests in order to guarantee electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of electronic components with respect to interferences which can couple into power supply conductions and signal conductions and/or into electronic vehicle units.

    The a.m. standard describes the measurement of electromagnetic fields, the test set-up; furthermore it gives advice concerning limit values (frequency range and field strength).
    Figure 42: Structure of interferences by radiation

    inter-rad.eps


    10.5.1     Measuring methods

    <mea-methods>

    The measuring method describes the test devices with which the DUT is tested regarding EMC. A measuring method is described by a denomination and the description of the method.
    Figure 43: Structure of the measuring method

    mea-methods.eps


    Example for content:

    Measuring method: TEM cell

    Measuring equipment: TEM cell

    Additional specifications to the measuring equipment:
    Figure 44: Measuring set-up for interference radiation in the TEM cell

    TEM-cell.eps


    Additionally, further user-defined and in-house standard specific measuring methods can be specified.

    10.5.2     Interference strength level

    <inter-immunity-level>

    The interference strength level is specified (as defined in the definition, see [Interference strength levels during the measurement in the stripline or in the TEM cell .]). The corresponding field strength can be taken from the respective standard.
    Figure 45: Structure of interference strength level

    inter-immunity-level.eps


    During the measurements in the stripline and in the TEM cell the given function states have to be observed up to the following limit values for field strength, which are determined according to frequency band, DUT and measuring method. The limit values are effective values of the unmodulated carrier.

    Example for content:

    Interference strength level 1 Measuring method: TEM cell. [Standard: (Assignment) / Relevant Position: all])

    Table 23: Interference strength levels during the measurement in the stripline or in the TEM cell .

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tol

    Unit

     

    Field strength

    E

         

    25

     

    V/m

     

    Interference strength level 2 Measuring method: TEM cell

    Table 24: Interference strength levels during the measurement in the stripline or in the TEM cell (assignment

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tol

    Unit

     

    Field strength

    E

         

    50

     

    V/m

     

    Interference strength level 3 Measuring method: TEM cell

    Table 25: Interference strength levels during the measurement in the stripline or in the TEM cell (assignment

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tol

    Unit

     

    Field strength

    E

         

    100

     

    V/m

     

    During the measurements with current supply, the given function states have to be observed up to the following limit values for power on the wiring harness, which are determined according to frequency band and DUT. The limit values are valid for the unmodulated carrier.

    Example for content:

    Interference strength level 1 Measuring method: Current supply

    Table 26: Interference strength levels during the measurement in the stripline or in the TEM cell (assignment DIN 40839, part 4).

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tol

    Unit

     

    Power CW signal

    P

         

    20

     

    dBm

     

    Interference strength level 2 Measuring method: Current supply

    Table 27: Interference strength levels during the measurement in the stripline or in the TEM cell (assignment

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tol

    Unit

     

    Power CW signal

    P

         

    25

     

    dBm

     

    Interference strength 3 Measuring method: Current supply

    Table 28: Interference strength levels during the measurement in the stripline or in the TEM cell (assignment

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tol

    Unit

     

    Power CW signal

    P

         

    30

     

    dBm

     

    Additionally, further user-defined or in-house standard specific interference strength levels can be specified.

    10.5.3     Frequency band, step width and dwell time

    <frequency-bands>

    A frequency band is a frequency range with a denomination.

    Statements concerning step width and dwell time can optionally be specified ( see also DIN 40 839-4).

    The DUT can be tested in different frequency ranges with corresponding requirements. The frequency bands can be specified including the relative or the absolute step width Df and the dwell time during the test (as given in the definition Representation example for frequency bands (I)).
    Figure 46: Structure of a frequency band

    frequency-bands.eps


    Example for content:

    Frequency band: I

    Table 29: Representation example for frequency bands (I)

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tol

    Unit

     

    Frequency range

    f

    1

     

    10

       

    MHz

     

    Step width

    s

         

    1

     

    MHz

     

    Dwell time

     

    t

         

    2

     

    sec

     

    Frequency band: II

    Table 30: Representation example for Frequency bands (II)

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tol

    Unit

     

    Frequency range

    f

    10

     

    30

       

    MHz

     

    Step width

    s

         

    1

     

    MHz

     

    Dwell time

     

    t

         

    2

     

    sec

     

    Frequency band: III

    Table 31: Representation example for frequency bands (III)

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tol

    Unit

     

    Frequency range

    f

    30

     

    80

       

    MHz

     

    Step width

    s

         

    1

     

    MHz

     

    Dwell time

     

    t

         

    2

     

    sec

     

    Additionally, further user-defined or in-house standard specific frequency bands can be created.

    10.5.4     Modulation

    <modulations>

    The modulation is defined in DIN 40 839-4. The following data are necessary for a complete description:
    Figure 47: Structure of modulation

    modulations.eps


    Example for content:

    Modulation: 80% 1kHz Modulations type: AM

    Table 32: Description example for amplitude modulation

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    Min

    Type

    Max

    Abs

    Tol

    Unit

     

    Modulation level

    m

         

    80

     

    %

     

    Modulation frequency

    f

         

    1

     

    kHz

     

    10.5.5     Laboratory tests

    <inter-rad-lab-test>

    Within the test in laboratory, the interference strength of the DUT with respect to interferences by radiation is tested. In case of an interference strength test, the behaviour of the DUT is tested by submitting it to different field strengths. The following specifications can be made for an interference strength test:
  •  
  •  

    measuring method (<mea-method-ref>)

  •  
  •  

    Interference strength level (<inter-immunity-level-ref>)

  •  
  •  

    frequency bands (<frequency-band-refs>)

  •  
  •  

    modulation (<modulation-ref>)

    Apart from AM, also sampling and FM can be defined.
  •  
  •  

    Operating state (<oper-mode-refs>)

    The operating state defines the state of the system at which the test is performed. If the test is to be performed with various operating states, these can be grouped.

  •  
  •  

    Function state (<function-state-ref>)

    The assignment of a function state to the test is accomplished by a code letter (A...E).

  •  
  •  

    Fault description (<failure-desc>)

    The failure mode of the system will be described in textual form, in addition to the function state (if it is not equal to A).

  •  
  •  

    Additional specifications (<add-info>)

    Apart from the a.m. specifications, it is always possible to give additional specifications for a test. These include, e.g., a test temperature which differs from general specifications, the test set-up, the description of the coupling clamp and further specifications which have not been defined yet.


    Figure 48: Structure of a laboratory test

    inter-rad-lab-test.eps


    Example for content:

    Table 33: Description example for interference by radiation, test in laboratory

    Measuring method

    Interference strength level

    Frequency band

    Modulation

    Operating states

    Function state

    Fault description

     

    TEM cell

    5

    I

    80% 1kHz

    Idle running

    Full load

    A

       

    TEM cell

    4

    II

    III

    80% 1kHz

    Idle running

    Full load

    A

       

    TEM cell

    3

    IV

    V

    80% 1kHz

    Idle running

    Full load

    A

       

    Here, for every measuring method, the test set-up and the settings of measuring instruments can be described by means of text, tables and graphics.

    10.5.6     Test in vehicle

    <inter-rad-vehicle-test>

    When performing tests in vehicle the built-in component will be exposed to interferences by radiation. Following specifications can be made to describe the test:
  •  
  •  

    Measuring method (<mea-method-ref>)

  •  
  •  

    Interference strength level (<inter-immunity-level-ref>)

  •  
  •  

    Frequency band (<frequency-band-refs>)

  •  
  •  

    Modulation (<modulation-ref>)

  •  
  •  

    Operating state (<oper-mode-refs>)

  •  
  •  

    Function state (<function-state-ref>)

  •  
  •  

    Fault description (<failure-desc>)

    The failure mode of the system will be described in textual form, in addition to the function state (if it is not equal to A).

  •  
  •  

    Additional specifications (<add-info>)

    Apart from the a.m. specifications, it is always possible to give additional specifications for a test. These include, e.g., a test temperature which differs from general specifications, the test set-up, the description of the coupling clamp and further specifications which have not been defined yet.


    Figure 49: Structure of a vehicle test

    inter-rad-vehicle-test.eps


    Example for content:

    See chapter Interferences by radiation.

    10.5.7     Additional measurements

    <add-mea>

    For technical reasons, not all types of influence can be covered, neither in laboratory nor in the absorber lined chamber. For acceptance investigations, additional vehicle tests can be necessary, e.g.:
  •  
  •  

    Measurements in front of medium wave transmitter radio stations (e.g. Europawelle Saar Hausweiler)

  •  
  •  

    Measurements in front of short-wave high-power transmitter radio stations

  •  
  •  

    Measurements with portable radio sets

    Since the requirements differ a lot from each other and depend on the utilization possibilities of the respective type of vehicle, here the description of this requirement is not specified in more detail.

    The following specifications, e.g., could be included in additional measurements:
  •  
  •  

    Frequency range, step width, power, modulation,...

  •  
  •  

    Test installations for mobile telephones (C-network, D-network, E-network),...

  •  
  •  

    Operating state, function state, fault description,...

  •  
  •  

    etc.

    Structure:
    Figure 50: Structure of additional measurements

    add-mea.eps


    10.6

       

    Interference suppression

    <radio-inter-supp>

    The reason for interference suppression is the possible occurrence of electrical interferences in vehicle networks originated by various consumers, which may interfere onto radio devices in a conduction-guided way or by radiation. A distinction is made between long-distance and short-distance interferences.

    Long-distance interferences (<remote-radio-inter>) are interferences (coming from the vehicle) of radio devices outside the vehicle.

    Short-distance interferences (<short-inter-supp>) are interferences which affect radio devices mounted and operated inside the vehicle.

    The requirements to interference suppression are described according to [Standard: DIN VDE 0879-1 / Relevant Position: 3] and [Standard: DIN 57879-1 / Relevant Position: 3].
    Figure 51: Structure of interference supression

    radio-inter-supp.eps


    10.6.1     Short-distance interference suppression

    <short-inter-supp>

    Short-distance interference is a high-frequent interference of the radio reception; it occurs, when undesirable electromagnetic oscillations in the high-frequent reception channel of a radio reception antenna system or of a radio receiver, are received together with the useful signal via the antenna, or, the antenna input at the device, and affect the reproduction of the useful signal in a perceptible way.

    Short-distance interferences can be conduction-guided or received by the vehicle's own antenna. For the conduction-guided interferences, a degree of suppression concerning the frequency ranges long wave, medium wave, short wave and ultra short wave is required. For interferences received via antenna, the admissible interference voltage levels are given regarding the reception ranges (long wave - ultra-short wave and portable radio sets). A difference is made between wide-band interference sources and narrow-band interference sources.
    Figure 52: Structure of short-distance interference suppression

    short-inter-supp.eps


    10.6.1.1     Laboratory tests

    <short-inter-supp-lab-test>

    When performing short-distance interference tests in laboratories, the output interferences of a component are investigated.

    The following specifications can be made for laboratory tests.
  •  
  •  

    Measuring method

    The measuring method describes the measuring equipment applied to the DUT regarding its interference emission. There are two typical measuring methods:
    1. 

    Measurements of conduction-guided interference voltages on the artificial network

    This measuring method is applied at those vehicle components which emit the major part of the interference energy via the power supply conductions (e.g., radiator fan, interior ventilation, fuel pumps and vehicle generators).

    2. 

    Measurement of interferences by radiation in the TEM cell

  •  
  •  

    Measuring equipment

    At this place, the used measuring equipment can be described. Typical measuring equipment are, e.g., measuring receiver and spectrum analyser. The exact documentation of the setting of the measuring equipment should be made after the test set-up.

  •  
  •  

    Measuring band width
    1. 

    Wide-band interference

    A wide-band interference is a band width of an interference signal which is equal to or bigger than the chosen measuring band width of the interference measuring receiver.

    2. 

    Narrow-band interference

    A narrow-band interference is a band width of an interference signal which is smaller than the chosen measuring band width of the interference measuring receiver.

  •  
  •  

    Frequency band

    The frequency band can be designated here (e.g. long wave, medium wave, short wave, L, M, ...)

  •  
  •  

    Frequency range

    Specification of the frequency range.

  •  
  •  

    Interference suppression level

    The interference suppression level defines a value for the maximum interference voltage (see (Interference suppression levels)).

  •  
  •  

    Operating state

    The operating state defines the state of the system at which the test is performed. If the test is to be performed with various operating states, these can be grouped.

  •  
  •  

    Additional specifications

    Apart from the a.m. specifications, it is always possible to give additional specifications for a test.


    Figure 53: Structure of a laboratory test

    short-inter-supp-lab-test.eps


    Example for content:

    The following table shows an example for the description of the narrow-band interference. The values have partially been taken from [Standard: (Interference suppression levels) / Relevant Position: Part 3].

    Table 34: Examples for interference suppression levels for measurements on the artificial vehicle network

    Measuring method

    Measuring bandwidth

    Radio frequency band

    Interference suppression level

    Operating states

     

    Artificial network

    Broadband

    LW

    5

    Idle running

    Full load

     

    Artificial network

    Broadband

    MW

    KW

    4

    Idle running

    Full load

     

    Artificial network

    Broadband

    UKW

    3

    Idle running

    Full load

     

    Structure of the measuring method

    See [Laboratory tests]

    Example for content:

    Measuring method: Artificial network

    Measuring device: Artificial network

    Additional specifications for the measuring device:

    Assembly and ground arrangement in the vehicle have to be simulated.

    The maximum interference voltage has to be identified by modifying load and the number of revolutions.
    Figure 54: Measuring set-up for measuring a consumer

    graf0005.eps


    1. Voltage supply

    2. Artificial network; casing electrically connected to part 5

    3. Interference measuring receiver; 50 W - Direct impedance

    4. Measuring object in mounting position

    5. Sheet metal plate; minimum dimensions (width*height in mm): 1000*400

    Thickness (in mm): 1.0 (+/- 0.2)

    10.6.1.2     test in vehicle

    <short-inter-supp-vehicle-test>

    For the vehicle test, the vehicle will be positioned in a shielded room (nevertheless, measurements at open air are possible, too). The connection of the measuring receiver is made at the artificial radio at the radio mounting place.

    For measurements inside the vehicle, the antennas and mounting places which are used in the production series, should be utilized. Regarding an interference-free radio reception inside the vehicle, the distance between useful signal and interference signal should be sufficiently high at the end of the antenna cable.

    During the vehicle test, a maximum interference voltage will be given, which should not be exceeded at the end of the antenna cable which is closed with a resistance.

    Voltage characteristics represents possible requirements. The valid values can be gathered from the respective standard, or can be determined in concordance with the EMC department.
  •  
  •  

    Measuring methods

    The measuring method describes the test equipment with which the DUT is tested regarding its interference emission. There are two typical measuring methods:
    1. 

    Absorber lined chamber

    2. 

    Open air

    Measuring device

    Here, the used measuring equipment can be described. Typical measuring equipment are, e.g., measuring receiver and spectrum analyser. The exact description of the setting of the measuring equipment should be documented after the test set-up.

  •  
  •  

    Measuring band width
    1. 

    Wide-band interference

    A wide-band interference is a band width of an interference signal which is equal to or bigger than the chosen measuring band width of the interference measuring receiver.

    2. 

    Narrow-band interference

    A narrow-band interference is a band width of an interference signal which is smaller than the chosen measuring band width of the interference measuring receiver.

  •  
  •  

    Frequency band

    The frequency band can be designated here (e.g. long wave, medium wave, short wave, L, M, ...)

  •  
  •  

    Frequency range

    Specification of the frequency range.

  •  
  •  

    Interference suppression level

    The interference suppression level defines a value for the maximum interference voltage (see (Interference suppression levels)).

  •  
  •  

    Operating state

    The operating state defines the state of the system at which the test is performed. If the test is to be performed with various operating states, these can be grouped.

  •  
  •  

    Additional specifications

    Apart from the a.m. specifications, it is always possible to give additional specifications for a test.

    Structure of a vehicle test:

    See Structure of a laboratory test

    Example for content:

    Table 35: Examples for interference suppression levels for measurings on the artificial vehicle network

    Measuring method

    Measuring band width

    Radio frequency band

    Interference suppression level

    Operating states

     

    Artificial network

    Broadband

    LW

    5

    Idle running

    Full load

    2

    Artificial network

    Broadband

    MW

    KW

    4

    Idle running

    Full load

    2

    Artificial network

    Broadband

    UKW

    3

    Idle running

    Full load

    1

    1. 

    Concluding subjective assessment of the interference suppression of ultra-high frequency range in open-air:

    The interference should not be heard in the entire frequency range, station finding should not lock.

    2. 

    Concluding subjective assessment of the interference suppression of long wave, medium wave and short wave range in open-air:

    Radio stations which can be received well should be free of interferences.

    Structure of the device description "Open air":

    See [Short-distance interference suppression].

    10.6.2     Long-distance interference suppression

    <remote-radio-inter>

    A long-distance interference is an interference of a radio device outside the vehicle generated by a vehicle. This is always a high-frequent interference energy radiated by the vehicle.

    The standards [Standard: ECE 10 / Relevant Position: all] or [Standard: VDE 879-1 / Relevant Position: all] determine limit values for the maximum admissible radio interference field strength. Furthermore, they define all other specifications, such as antenna, measuring equipment, operation modes, test amount etc.

    The requirements in the performance specification should be described by means of text, tables and graphics; existing standards should be mentioned.
    Figure 55: Structure of long-distance interference suppression

    remote-radio-inter.eps


    10.7

       

    ESD

    <electrostatic-discharge>

    Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is based upon the charge of two insulating materials by friction. If the charged object comes near to a conducting object, the potential discharges by a spark that goes over to that conductor. The very fast compensating currents and the electromagnetic fields which are generated by this, are able to permanently damage electronic components.

    The "human-body model" is used for testing the ESD strength of electronic components. It simulates the discharge of a human being with the capacitance C via his skin with the resistance R. For the area of vehicle electronics, the standard [Standard: ISO/CD 10605 / Relevant Position: all] can be applied. ESD requirements can be defined with the following specifications:

    Test plan, Test set-up, Operating states, fault criteria, fault description, laboratory tests, and inside or outside the vehicle.
    Figure 56: Structure of ESD

    electrostatic-discharge.eps


    10.8

       

    EMC design

    <emc-design>

    Design requirements and constructive measures in order to guarantee electromagnetic compatibility of electrical and electronic components early in time are discussed in the EMC design.
    Figure 57: Structure of EMC design

    emc-design.eps


    10.8.1     Conduction types and conduction arrangements

    <kind-wire-arrangement-wiring>

    During the design of the wiring network, the electrical leads and the connection techniques can be given, or defined, according to their function in the vehicle.
    Figure 58: Structure of conduction types and conduction arrangements

    kind-wire-arrangement-wiring.eps


    Example for content:
  •  
  •  

    Conductions without EMC functions: Unshielded single conductions and multiple conductions, flat ribbon conductions, ground plug-in connections.

  •  
  •  

    Conductions with EMC functions (e.g. signal conductions): twisted conductions, shielded conductions, twisted and shielded conductions, coaxial conductions, screwed ground connections.

    Furthermore, specifications concerning conduction arrangements can be made, in order to avoid electromagnetic radiation and coupling-in of interferences, e.g.:
  •  
  •  

    Arrangement near ground surfaces

  •  
  •  

    Extra ground wires

  •  
  •  

    Parallel arrangement of inward and outward conductors

  •  
  •  

    Separate conduction of signal conductors and power supply conductors

    10.8.2     Signal waves on vehicle network

    <signal-form-vehicle-electronic>

    Within the transmission of data and electrical power via the vehicle network, these signals often are in a pulsed, periodic form. In order to reduce the radiation originated by these signals, general marginal conditions concerning their rise and drop times can be defined.

    The signal characteristics will be defined generally for all interfaces. Furthermore, they can be defined contrary to this specification in the description of the interfaces for every connection. The signal characteristics can be defined by the parameters maximum voltage alteration and/or maximum current alteration.
    Figure 59: Structure of signal waves on vehicle network

    signal-form-vehicle-electronic.eps


    Example for content:

    Table 36: Examples for limit values for signal waves on vehicle network

    Denomination

    Abbreviation

    <short-name>

    Min

    <min>

    Type

    <typ>

    Max

    <max>

    Abs <abs>

    Tolerance

    <tol>

    Unit

    <unit>

     

    Voltage change

    dU/dt

       

    100

       

    V/ms

     

    Current change

    dI/dt

       

    10

       

    A/ms

     

    10.8.3     Ground concept

    <ground-concept>

    The ground concept describes EMC measures with respect to ground conductions, ground layout, ground connection points in the system and inside the vehicle. The description of the requirements can be given in textual or in graphical form.
    Figure 60: Structure of the ground concept

    ground-concept.eps


    10.8.4     Vehicle antennas

    <vehicle-antenna>

    Here, descriptions concerning broadcast receiving antennas and mobile radio antennas can be inserted.

    The description of the requirements can be given in textual or in graphical form.
    Figure 61: Structure of vehicle antennas

    vehicle-antenna.eps


    10.8.5     EMC hardware measures

    <emc-hardware-design>

    The hardware measures describe means to improve EMC which can be realized with the use of hardware. Among these are, e.g.:
  •  
  •  

    Filtration and protection wiring of inputs and outputs and supply conductions

  •  
  •  

    Shielding measures

  •  
  •  

    Printed circuit board layout

  •  
  •  

    Integration of anti-interference capacitors

  •  
  •  

    Influence of the different modes of operation (e.g. 2-wire-CAN)

  •  
  •  

    Selection of quartzes

  •  
  •  

    others

    For the selection of quartzes, the requirements can be defined as shown in Representation example for forbidden frequency ranges for the use as oscillating circuit frequency, data transmission frequency or working frequency.
    Figure 62: Structure of EMC hardware measures

    emc-hardware-design.eps


    Example for content:

    Table 37: Representation example for forbidden frequency ranges for the use as oscillating circuit frequency, data transmission frequency or working frequency

    Frequency

    Distance

    Function

    4.6 MHz

    50 kHz

    Duplex distance in the 2m band

    5.0 MHz

    + 50 kHz

    Duplex distance in the 70 cm band

    5.5 MHz

    + 50 kHz

    TV-picture-sound carrier distance

    9.8 MHz

    + 50 kHz

    Duplex distance in the 4m band

    10.0 MHz

    + 50 kHz

    Duplex distance in the 2m band

    10.7 MHz

    + 50 kHz

    Intermediate frequencies in case of wireless equipments, radio sets

    21.4 MHz

    + 50 kHz

    Intermediate frequencies in case of wireless equipments

    45.0 MHz

    + 50 kHz

    Duplex

    auto-defined

    auto-defined

    auto-definable frequencies

    The description of the requirements can be given in textual or in graphical form.

    10.8.6     EMC software measures

    <emc-software-design>

    Here, EMC software measures are represented (e.g. filtration of signals realized in software, temporary deactivation of single circuit components). The description of the requirements can be given in textual or in graphical form.
    Figure 63: Structure of EMC software measures

    emc-software-design.eps


    10.9

       

    Further properties

    <add-spec>

    Further properties are properties which ought to be mentioned in the topic Electrical compatibility, but which cannot be expressed thematically in any of the subdivision points mentioned above.
    Figure 64: Structure of additional specifications

    add-spec.eps